“马卡姆音乐被广泛认为是伊拉克主要的古典音乐传统,它包含了大量的歌曲,并配有传统乐器。此外,这种流行的音乐类型提供了大量有关该地区音乐史的信息,以及阿拉伯几个世纪来的影响。

伊拉克马卡姆在结构和乐器上与伊朗、阿塞拜疆和乌兹别克斯坦的传统音乐形式家族紧密相连。伊拉克的马卡姆音乐包含许多流派和主要的旋律模式。它的特点是即兴的声音片段,有时使用公制伴奏,通常会导致一个strophic歌曲的混合。在整个即兴伴奏中,QalfHi’创造了复杂的伴奏。典型的乐器包括棋盘手桑图尔(cither santur)、四弦尖刺小提琴(jawzah)、低音手鼓(dumbak)和小手鼓(daff)。玛卡姆的表演通常在私人聚会、咖啡馆和剧院进行。《马卡姆》的曲目来源于古典和口语的阿拉伯诗歌,深受音乐家和学者的尊敬,也受到伊拉克民众的普遍尊敬。

尽管该地区的许多阿拉伯音乐风格要么已经消失,要么已经西化,但伊拉克的马卡姆音乐基本上保持不变,尤其是保留了其华丽的声乐技巧和即兴演奏的特点。

由于当前的政治形势,马卡姆的演唱会很少在大批观众面前举行,更多的时候仅限于在私人场合进行表演。然而,伊拉克马卡姆在国外的众多现场音乐会和录音证明了它的持续成功和受欢迎。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源:联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

 

Widely recognized as Iraq’s predominant classical music tradition, the Maqam encompasses a vast repertory of songs, accompanied by traditional instruments. Moreover, this popular genre provides a wealth of information on the musical history of the region and the Arab influences that have held sway over the centuries.

The Iraqi Maqam is closely linked, in structure and instrumentation, to the family of traditional musical forms practiced in Iran, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. The Iraqi Maqam embraces numerous genres and primary melodic modes. It features improvisational vocal segments that sometimes use metric accompaniment and often lead to a medley of strophic songs. The skilful improvisation of the lead vocalist (qari’) creates an intricate interplay with the orchestra (tshalghi) that provides accompaniment throughout the performance. Typical instruments include the board cither santur, a four-string spike fiddle (jawzah), a low-pitched hand-drum (dumbak) and a small tambourine (daff). Maqam performances generally take place at private gatherings and in coffee-houses and theatres. With a repertory rooted in classical and colloquial Arabic poetry, the Maqam is highly revered by musicians and scholars, but also by the Iraqi population at large.

While many Arab musical styles in the region have either disappeared or become westernized, the Iraqi Maqam has remained largely intact, in particular retaining its ornate vocal technique and improvisational character.

Due to the current political situation, Maqam concerts are less frequently held in front of large audiences and more often limited to performances in private settings. However, the numerous live concerts and recordings of Iraqi Maqam abroad bear witness to its continuing success and popularity.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region


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下一篇:【亚洲•阿联酋】阿巴尔,阿曼佐法尔山谷的音乐和舞蹈 Al-Bar’ah, music and dance of Oman Dhofari valleys (2010年)