【亚洲·印度】拉姆里拉——《罗摩衍那》的传统表演 Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana（2008年）

“Ramlila，字面意思是“Rama的剧本”是当时的罗摩衍那史诗在一系列场景中的表演，包括歌曲、叙事、独奏和对话。它在印度北部的杜塞赫拉节上表演，根据秋季的仪式日历，每年都会举行。最具代表性的拉姆利拉是阿约迪亚、拉姆纳加尔和贝拿勒斯、温达万、阿尔莫拉、萨特纳和马杜巴尼的拉姆利拉。

《罗摩衍那》的这个舞台是以《罗摩衍那》为基础的，这是该国北部最流行的故事形式之一。这本神圣的经文致力于罗摩衍那的英雄罗摩的荣耀，是图尔西达斯在16世纪以印地语的形式创作的，目的是让所有人都能看到梵语史诗。大多数拉姆利拉人通过持续10到12天的一系列表演来重述《拉玛查利塔马》中的情节，但有些，比如拉姆纳加的，可能会持续整整一个月。在庆祝拉玛流亡归来的杜塞赫拉节日期间，数百个定居点、城镇和村庄都组织了节日活动。拉姆利拉回忆了拉玛和拉瓦纳之间的战斗，包括众神、圣贤和信徒之间的一系列对话。拉姆利拉的戏剧力量源于代表每个场景高潮的一连串图标。观众被邀请唱歌并参与叙述。Ramlila将全体人口聚集在一起，不分种姓、宗教或年龄。所有村民都自发参与，扮演角色或参与各种相关活动，如制作面具和服装，准备化妆、肖像和灯光。然而，大众媒体的发展，尤其是电视肥皂剧的发展，正在导致拉姆利拉戏剧的观众减少，从而失去了将人们和社区团结在一起的主要作用。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Ramlila, literally “Rama’s play”, is a performance of then Ramayana epic in a series of scenes that include song, narration, recital and dialogue. It is performed across northern India during the festival of Dussehra, held each year according to the ritual calendar in autumn. The most representative Ramlilas are those of Ayodhya, Ramnagar and Benares, Vrindavan, Almora, Sattna and Madhubani.

This staging of the Ramayana is based on the Ramacharitmanas, one of the most popular storytelling forms in the north of the country. This sacred text devoted to the glory of Rama, the hero of the Ramayana, was composed by Tulsidas in the sixteenth century in a form of Hindi in order to make the Sanskrit epic available to all. The majority of the Ramlilas recount episodes from the Ramacharitmanas through a series of performances lasting ten to twelve days, but some, such as Ramnagar’s, may last an entire month. Festivals are organized in hundreds of settlements, towns and villages during the Dussehra festival season celebrating Rama’s return from exile. Ramlila recalls the battle between Rama and Ravana and consists of a series of dialogues between gods, sages and the faithful. Ramlila’s dramatic force stems from the succession of icons representing the climax of each scene. The audience is invited to sing and take part in the narration. The Ramlila brings the whole population together, without distinction of caste, religion or age. All the villagers participate spontaneously, playing roles or taking part in a variety of related activities, such as mask- and costume making, and preparing make-up, effigies and lights. However, the development of mass media, particularly television soap operas, is leading to a reduction in the audience of the Ramlila plays, which are therefore losing their principal role of bringing people and communities together.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region