【亚洲•伊朗】卡山地毯编织传统技艺 Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan (2010年)

卡山一直以来都是制作精美地毯的中心，本地几乎三分之一的居民从事地毯编织工作，织工中三分之二是妇女。地毯编织过程首先从设计开始，图案是对一系列既定的如花朵、树叶、树枝、动物和历史场景图案进行精心编排。这里的织布机以“达尔（Dar）”这个名字为人所熟知，经线和纬线用的是棉线或丝线。地毯的绒面是用波斯结法把羊毛绒线或丝绒线绕在经线上打结形成的，打结后还要把住一排编好的纬线，用梳子敲打。精心编织的波斯结（也称为非对称打结）在卡山得到了广泛使用，这才使得地毯的背面打的结精细均匀。卡山地毯的颜色来自于天然染料，包括茜草根、核桃皮、石榴皮和藤叶。卡山地毯编织的传统技艺在母亲和祖母的指导下传授给女儿。做学徒也意味着学习设计、染色、修剪、织机构建和工具制造等。

Kashan has always been the center of elaborate carpet production. Almost one third of the local residents are engaged in carpet weaving, and two thirds of the weavers are women. The process of carpet weaving begins with design. The pattern is carefully arranged for a series of established patterns such as flowers, leaves, branches, animals and historical scenes. The loom here is known as "Dar". The warp and weft threads are made of cotton or silk threads. Carpet suede is formed by knotting wool or velvet threads around warp threads by Persian knot method. After knotting, a row of knitted weft threads should be held and beaten with a comb. Carefully woven Persian knots (also known as asymmetric knots) are widely used in Kashan, which makes the knots on the back of carpets fine and even. The color of Kashan carpet comes from natural dyestuffs, including runner root, walnut skin, pomegranate skin and rattan leaves. The traditional skills of carpet knitting in Kashan were taught to daughters under the guidance of their mothers and grandmothers. Apprenticeship also means learning design, dyeing, pruning, weaving and tool manufacturing.