【亚洲•蒙古】蒙古族长调民歌 Urtiin Duu : Traditional Folk Long Song (2008年)

长歌是蒙古族歌曲的两种主要形式之一，另一种是短歌。乌尔都语作为一种与重大庆典相关的仪式表达形式，在蒙古社会中扮演着独特而光荣的角色。它在婚礼上表演，新家的落成，孩子的出生，马驹的品牌和蒙古游牧社区庆祝的其他社会活动。在那达慕节上也能听到乌尔廷杜乌的声音，那是一个以摔跤、射箭和赛马比赛为特色的节日。

乌尔蒂因杜乌是一种抒情的咏叹调，其特点是装饰音、假声丰富，音域极宽，作曲形式自由。上升的旋律是缓慢而稳定的，而下降的旋律往往是活泼的节奏。乌尔都语的表演和构成与蒙古游牧民族在其祖先草原上的田园生活方式密切相关。

人们普遍认为乌尔都语起源于 2000 年前，从 13 世纪开始就有文学作品记载。丰富多样的地域风格一直保留到今天，表演和当代作品仍然在蒙古和内蒙古自治共和国游牧民族的社会和文化生活中发挥着重要作用。位于中华人民共和国北部。

自 1950 年代以来，城市化和工业化日益取代传统的游牧生活方式，导致许多传统做法和表达方式的丧失。作为游牧民族的传统承载者曾经居住的部分草原已经成为沙漠化的受害者，导致许多家庭转向久坐不动的生活方式，许多长调的经典主题，例如对典型游牧民族的美德和经验的赞美，也因为城市化和工业化失去了意义。

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Urtiin duu or “long song” is one of the two major forms of Mongolian songs, the other being the short song (bogino duu). As a ritual form of expression associated with important celebrations and festivities, Urtiin duu plays a distinct and honoured role in Mongolian society. It is performed at weddings, the inauguration of a new home, the birth of a child, the branding of foals and other social events celebrated by Mongolia's nomadic communities.The Urtiin duu can also be heard at the naadam, a festivity featuring wrestling, archery and horseracing competitions.

The Urtiin duu is a lyrical chant, which is characterized by an abundance of ornamentation, falsetto, an extremely wide vocal range and a free compositional form. The rising melody is slow and steady while the falling melody is often intercepted with a lively rhythm. Performances and compositions of Urtiin duu are closely linked to the pastoral way of life of the Mongolian nomads on their ancestral grasslands.

Widely believed to have originated 2,000 years ago, the Urtiin duu has been recorded in literary works since the thirteenth century. A rich variety of regional styles has been preserved until today, and performances as well as contemporary compositions still play a major role in the social and cultural life of nomads living in Mongolia and in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Republic, located in the northern part of the People’s Republic of China.

Since the 1950s, urbanization and industrialization have increasingly superseded traditional nomadic lifestyles, leading to the loss of many traditional practices and expressions. Parts of the grasslands where tradition-bearers used to live as nomads have fallen victim to desertification, causing many families to shift to a sedentary way of life where many classical themes of Urtiin duu, such as the praise of typical nomads’ virtues and experiences, lose their relevance.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region