【亚洲·日本】歌舞伎 Kabuki theatre（2008年）

“歌舞伎是日本的一种传统戏剧形式，起源于17世纪初的江户时代，在城镇居民中特别流行。最初，男女都在歌舞伎中表演，但最终只有男性演员表演：这一传统一直延续到今天在女性角色中被称为onnagata。另外两种主要角色类型是aragoto（粗犷风格）和wagoto（柔和风格）。

歌舞伎剧讲述的是历史事件和心灵关系中的道德冲突。演员们用单调的声音说话，并用传统乐器伴奏。歌舞伎舞台配备了一些设备，比如旋转舞台和活板门，演员可以通过它们出现和消失。歌舞伎舞台的另一个特色是延伸到观众席的人行桥（花道）。歌舞伎剧院的重要特征包括其独特的音乐、服装、舞台设备和道具，以及特定的戏剧、语言和表演风格，例如演员保持一种独特的姿势来塑造自己的角色。Keshÿ是一种特殊的化妆品，即使是不熟悉这种艺术形式的人也很容易辨认出它的风格元素。

1868年后，日本开始接受西方的影响，演员们努力提高歌舞伎在上流社会中的声誉，并使传统风格适应现代品味。如今，歌舞伎是日本传统戏剧中最受欢迎的一种。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Kabuki is a Japanese traditional theatre form, which originated in the Edo period at the beginning of the seventeenth century and was particularly popular among townspeople. Originally, both men and women acted in Kabuki plays, but eventually only male actors performed the plays: a tradition that has remained to the present day. Male actors specialized in women’s roles are called onnagata. Two other major role types are aragoto (rough style) and wagoto (soft style).

Kabuki plays are about historical events and moral conflict in relationships of the heart. The actors speak in a monotone voice and are accompanied by traditional instruments. The Kabuki stage is equipped with several gadgets, such as revolving stages and trapdoors through which the actors can appear and disappear. Another speciality of the Kabuki stage is a footbridge (hanamichi) that extends into the audience. Important characteristics of Kabuki theatre include its particular music, costumes, stage devices and props as well as specific plays, language and acting styles, such as the mie, in which the actor holds a characteristic pose to establish his character. Keshÿ, the particular make-up, provides an element of style easily recognizable even by those unfamiliar with the art form.

After 1868, when Japan opened to Western influence, actors strove to heighten the reputation of Kabuki among the upper classes and to adapt the traditional styles to modern tastes. Today, Kabuki is the most popular of the traditional styles of Japanese drama.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region