【非洲·冈比亚】坎科冉或曼丁成人礼Kankurang, Manding initiatory rite（2008年）

“Kankurang是塞内加尔和冈比亚曼丁省的一种启蒙仪式，主要与卡萨芒斯和姆布尔市相对应。根据传统，Kankurang的起源可以在科莫（Komo）发现，科莫是一个猎人的秘密团体，其组织和深奥的实践促成了卡萨芒斯的出现。”下颚。

Kankurang中的核心人物是一位带着用法拉树的树皮和红色纤维制成的面具，穿着树叶，身体涂有植物染料的新教徒。他与割礼仪式和启蒙仪式有关。他的出现以几个仪式阶段为标志：指定戴口罩的同修，由长老授勋，与同修一起退隐到树林中，守夜和游行穿过新同修的村庄。整个仪式通常在八月到九月之间举行。Kankurang人总是在前同修和村民的簇拥下游行，他们尊重他的行为和姿势，表演舞蹈和歌曲。他挥舞着两把砍刀，发出刺耳的叫声，表演中不时出现断断续续的舞蹈。他的追随者们手持棍棒和rhun棕榈叶，用他们的合唱和tom toms敲打着节奏。

Kankurang是秩序和正义的保障者，也是邪恶灵魂的驱魔者。因此，他确保了一系列复杂的知识和实践的传播和教学，这些知识和实践支撑着严苛的文化认同。这是一种已经传播到该地区其他社区和群体的仪式，是接受割礼的年轻男孩学习社区秩序的行为规则、植物的秘密和药用价值以及狩猎技术的机会。由于塞内加尔和冈比亚大部分地区的快速城市化，以及被转化为耕地的神圣森林面积的减少，他们的传统习俗正在倒退。结果，这一仪式被轻视，Kankurang的权威被削弱。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Kankurang is an initiatory rite practised throughout the Manding provinces of Senegal and Gambia, mainly corresponding to the Casamance, and in the city of Mbour. According to tradition, the origin of the Kankurang is to be found in the Komo, a secret society of hunters whose organization and esoteric practices contributed to the emergence of the Manding.

The central character in the Kankurang, is an initiate who wears a mask made of the bark and red fibre of the faara tree and is clothed in leaves, his body painted with vegetable dyes. He is associated with circumcision ceremonies and initiatory rites. His appearance is marked by several ritual stages: the designation of the initiate who will wear the mask and his investiture by the elders, his retreat into the woods with the initiates, the vigils and processions through the hamlet of the new initiates. The whole ritual generally takes place between August and September. The Kankurang always parades surrounded by former initiates and the villagers who respectfully follow his behaviour and gestures, and perform dances and songs. His displays are punctuated with a staccato dance as he wields two machetes and utters piercing cries. His followers, armed with sticks and rhun palm leaves, beat out the rhythm with their choruses and tom-toms.

The Kankurang is the guarantor of order and justice as well as the exorcist of evil spirits. As such, he ensures transmission and teaching of a complex collection of know-how and practices underpinning Manding cultural identity. A ritual that has spread to other communities and groups of the area, it is the occasion for young circumcised boys to learn the rules of behaviour for the ordering their community, the secrets of plants and their medicinal values, and hunting techniques. Their traditional practice is in retreat because of the rapid urbanization of most regions of Senegal and Gambia and the decreasing extent of sacred forests, which are transformed into cultivated land. As a result, the ritual is trivialized and the Kankurang authority is undermined.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region