【欧洲·意大利】克雷莫纳传统小提琴制作技艺 Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona（2012年）

克雷莫纳小提琴工艺以其制作和修复小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音提琴的传统工艺而闻名。小提琴制作者在当地的一家工作室当学徒之前，先上一所基于密切师生关系的专业学校，在那里他们继续掌握和完善自己的技术——这是一个永无止境的过程。每个小提琴制造商每年都会制作三到六件乐器，根据每件乐器的不同声学响应，在一个内部模具周围手工塑造和组装70多块木头。没有两把小提琴是一样的。乐器的每一部分都由一种特殊的木材制成，经过精心挑选和自然风干。不使用半工业或工业材料。工艺需要高度的创造力：工匠必须使一般规则和个人知识适应每种乐器。克雷莫纳小提琴制造商深信，分享他们的知识对他们技艺的发展至关重要，与音乐家的对话被认为是了解他们需求的关键。传统的小提琴制作由两个小提琴制作者协会“Consorzio Liutai Antonio Stradivari”和“Associazione Liutaria Italiana”推广，被认为是克雷莫纳及其公民身份的基础，并在其社会和文化习俗、仪式和活动中发挥着重要作用。

2012年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Cremonese violin craftsmanship is highly renowned for its traditional process of fashioning and restoring violins, violas, cellos and contrabasses. Violin-makers attend a specialized school, based on a close teacher-pupil relationship, before being apprenticed in a local workshop, where they continue to master and perfect their techniques – a never-ending process. Each violin-maker constructs from three to six instruments per year, shaping and assembling more than 70 pieces of wood around an inner mould by hand, according to the different acoustic response of each piece. No two violins are alike. Every part of the instrument is made with a specific wood, carefully selected and naturally well seasoned. No semi-industrial or industrial materials are used. Craftsmanship requires a high level of creativity: the craftsperson has to adapt general rules and personal knowledge to every instrument. Cremonese violin-makers are deeply convinced that sharing their knowledge is fundamental to the growth of their craftsmanship, and dialogue with musicians is deemed essential so as to understand their needs. Traditional violin-making is promoted by two violin-makers’ associations, ‘Consorzio Liutai Antonio Stradivari’ and ‘Associazione Liutaria Italiana’, and is considered fundamental to the identity of Cremona, its citizens, and plays a fundamental role in its social and cultural practices, rituals and events.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2012.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region