【亚洲·菲律宾】兰瑙湖玛冉瑙人的达冉根史诗唱述 Darangen epic of the Maranao people of Lake Lanao（2008年）

“达兰根是一首古老的史诗歌曲，包含了生活在棉兰老岛拉诺湖地区的马拉瑙人的丰富知识。这个菲律宾群岛最南端的岛屿是马拉瑙人的传统家园，马拉瑙人是该国三大穆斯林群体之一。

《达兰根》共有17个循环，共72000行，纪念马拉瑙历史中的情节和神话英雄的苦难。除了有引人入胜的叙事内容外，这部史诗还通过象征、隐喻、反讽和讽刺探索了生与死、求爱、爱情和政治等潜在主题。Darangen还编码了习惯法、社会和道德行为标准、审美美的概念，以及马拉瑙特有的社会价值观。时至今日，长老们在习惯法的管理中提到了这一由来已久的文本。

达兰根的字面意思是“用歌声叙述”，它存在于14世纪菲律宾伊斯兰化之前，是一种更广泛的史诗文化的一部分，与贯穿棉兰老岛大部分地区的早期梵语传统有关。尽管《达兰根》主要通过口头传播，但史诗的部分内容已被记录在手稿中，使用了一种基于阿拉伯语的古代书写系统。专业的男女表演者在通常持续数晚的婚礼庆典上演唱达兰根。表演者必须拥有惊人的记忆力、即兴表演技巧、诗意想象力、习惯法和谱系知识、完美优雅的发声技巧，以及在长时间表演中吸引观众的能力。音乐和舞蹈有时伴随着吟诵。

如今，大浪琴演奏的频率较低，部分原因是其丰富的词汇和古老的语言形式，只有实践者、长者和学者才能理解。事实上，越来越倾向于接受菲律宾主流生活方式，这可能对这部古老史诗的生存构成威胁。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Darangen is an ancient epic song that encompasses a wealth of knowledge of the Maranao people who live in the Lake Lanao region of Mindanao. This southernmost island of the Philippine archipelago is the traditional homeland of the Maranao, one of the country’s three main Muslim groups. 

Comprising 17 cycles and a total of 72,000 lines, the Darangen celebrates episodes from Maranao history and the tribulations of mythical heroes. In addition to having a compelling narrative content, the epic explores the underlying themes of life and death, courtship, love and politics through symbol, metaphor, irony and satire. The Darangen also encodes customary law, standards of social and ethical behaviour, notions of aesthetic beauty, and social values specific to the Maranao. To this day, elders refer to this time-honoured text in the administration of customary law.

Meaning literally “to narrate in song”, the Darangen existed before the Islamization of the Philippines in the fourteenth century and is part of a wider epic culture connected to early Sanskrit traditions extending through most of Mindanao. Though the Darangen has been largely transmitted orally, parts of the epic have been recorded in manuscripts using an ancient writing system based on the Arabic script. Specialized female and male performers sing the Darangen during wedding celebrations that typically last several nights. Performers must possess a prodigious memory, improvisational skills, poetic imagination, knowledge of customary law and genealogy, a flawless and elegant vocal technique, and the ability to engage an audience during long hours of performance. Music and dance sometimes accompany the chanting.

Nowadays, the Darangen is less frequently performed owing in part to its rich vocabulary and archaic linguistic forms, which can only be understood by practitioners, elders and scholars. Indeed, the growing tendency to embrace mainstream Filipino lifestyles may represent a threat to the survival of this ancient epic.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region