【亚洲·越南】越南岱依族、侬族和泰族的天琴文化 Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam（2019年）

“Then”是越南泰族、农族和泰族精神生活中必不可少的仪式实践，是关于人类、自然和宇宙的一系列概念的表达。他们的仪式讲述了一段旅程，在这段旅程中，老师或老师“Then”带领鬼兵从人间到天国，供奉祭物，祈求平安、疾病痊愈、五谷丰登、新年快乐等。“Then”的大师们通过唱歌和演奏类似于琵琶的弦乐器“Then”开始旅程仪式。根据分配给宗教活动的目的，教师准备仪式旅行，以便能够将祈祷引导到不同的本土神灵。祭祀活动可以在露天、信徒家中或在教师家中竖立的祭坛前进行。在庆祝活动中，他们穿着礼仪服装，用本民族的语言唱歌，吹响叮当声，挥动扇子，使用驱魔剑、阴阳杖等物品。有时，在某些仪式上，一群舞者会参加。这种活生生的文化遗产元素一直是在祭祀仪式中以口耳相传的方式传承下来的，这保证了它的世代相传。“Then”的大师们平均每年举行大约200场仪式，由于他们积累了丰富的经验，在元素的传播中发挥了关键作用。2019年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Then, an essential ritual practice in the spiritual life of the Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam, reflects concepts about human beings, the natural world and the universe. Then ceremonies describe a journey in which the Then Master (male or female) controls ghost soldiers travelling from the earth realm to the heaven realm, to offer items of worship and present their prayers for peace, for treating illnesses, good crops, a happy new year, etc. The Then Master starts the journey by singing and plucking a tính lute. Depending on the worshipping purposes, Then masters arrange worship trips to pray to different native Gods. Then masters use various items – such as a demon-expelling sword, a yin and yang rod, a bell, etc. – to perform ceremonies in the believer’s house, outdoors or at the Then alter of the Master’s house. The Master wears ceremonial dress, sings in the language of their ethnic group, plays the tính lute, shakes rattle-bells and waves a fan. Some ceremonies are accompanied by a female dancing group. Then is always transmitted orally while its rituals are conducted, reflecting its succession between the generations, and Then Masters play a key role in passing on the related skills and know-how, with some conducting around 200 ceremonies a year.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2019.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific