【亚洲·马来西亚】马克-扬戏 Mak Yong theatre（2008年）

“这种由马来西亚马来社区创造的古老戏剧形式结合了表演、声乐和器乐、手势和精心制作的服装。具体到马来西亚西北部的克兰坦村庄，这种传统起源于该村庄，麦勇的表演主要是娱乐或与疗愈实践有关的仪式目的。

专家认为，麦勇早在该国伊斯兰化之前就出现了。直到20世纪20年代，它一直作为皇家剧院在基兰坦苏丹国的直接赞助下演出。因此，这一传统在乡村环境中得以延续，同时也没有放弃宫廷中获得的众多改进，比如复杂的服装设计。一场典型的麦勇表演以舞蹈、表演、音乐以及即兴独白和对话开始。一个故事可以连续几个晚上在一系列三小时的表演中呈现。在传统的乡村环境中，表演在一个由木头和棕榈叶搭建的临时露天舞台上进行。观众坐在舞台的三面，第四面是为管弦乐队保留的，包括一把三弦尖刺提琴（rebab）、一对双头桶鼓（gendang）和悬挂的圆头锣（tetawak）。大多数角色都由女性扮演，故事基于古代马来民间故事，故事中有王室人物、神灵和小丑。麦勇也与萨满试图通过唱歌、恍惚舞蹈和灵魂附身来治愈疾病的仪式有关。

麦勇需要多年的训练，一直保存到现在，主要通过口头传播。在当今社会，很少有年轻人愿意从事如此严格的学徒工作。因此，这一重要传统正在稳步衰落，戏剧和音乐曲目减少，经验丰富的表演者短缺就是明证。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

This ancient theatre form created by Malaysia’s Malay communities combines acting, vocal and instrumental music, gestures and elaborate costumes. Specific to the villages of Kelantan in northwest Malaysia, where the tradition originated, Mak Yong is performed mainly as entertainment or for ritual purposes related to healing practices.

Experts believe that Mak Yong appeared well before the Islamization of the country. It was performed as a royal theatre under the direct patronage of the Kelantan Sultanate until the 1920s. Hence, the tradition was perpetuated in a rural context without forsaking the numerous refinements acquired at court, such as sophisticated costume design. A typical Mak Yong performance opens with an offering followed by dances, acting and music as well as improvised monologues and dialogues. A single story can be presented over several consecutive nights in a series of three-hour performances. In the traditional village setting, the performances are held on a temporary open stage built of wood and palm leaves. The audience sits on three sides of the stage, the fourth side being reserved for the orchestra consisting of a three-stringed spiked fiddle (rebab), a pair of doubleheaded barrel drums (gendang) and hanging knobbed gongs (tetawak). Most roles are performed by women, and the stories are based on ancient Malay folk tales peopled with royal characters, divinities and clowns. Mak Yong is also associated with rituals in which shamans attempt to heal through song, trance-dance and spirit possession.

Mak Yong, which requires long years of training, has been preserved until the present largely through oral transmission. In today’s society, few young people are willing to commit to such rigorous apprenticeships. As a result, this important tradition is undergoing steady decline, as attested by reduced dramatic and musical repertories and a shortage of seasoned performers.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region