【非洲·摩洛哥】格纳瓦 Gnawa（2019年）

Gnawa（格纳瓦）指的是一系列音乐活动、表演、兄弟会实践和治疗仪式，将世俗与神圣结合在一起。Gnawa（格纳瓦）首先是一首苏菲兄弟会音乐，结合了一般宗教内容的歌词，唤起祖先和灵魂。Gnawa（格纳瓦）文化最初由奴隶制和奴隶贸易的团体和个人实施，至少可以追溯到16世纪，现在被认为是摩洛哥多方面文化和身份的一部分。Gnawa（格纳瓦）人，尤其是在城市里，通过通宵的节奏和恍惚仪式，结合祖先的非洲习俗、阿拉伯穆斯林的影响和当地柏柏尔人的文化表演，进行治疗性占有仪式。农村地区的Gnawa（格纳瓦）人组织提供给marabout圣徒的公共餐。城市地区的一些Gnawa（格纳瓦）使用弦乐器和响板，而农村地区的Gnawa（格纳瓦）使用大鼓和响板。城市里穿着五颜六色的刺绣服装，而带有配饰的白色服装则是乡村习俗的特征。兄弟团体和大师音乐家的数量在摩洛哥的村庄和主要城市不断增加，而组成协会的Gnawa团体全年举办地方、地区、国家和国际音乐节。这使年轻人能够了解歌词和乐器，以及与小和文化有关的习俗和仪式。

2019年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Gnawa refers to a set of musical events, performances, fraternal practices and therapeutic rituals mixing the secular with the sacred. Gnawa is first and foremost a Sufi brotherhood music combined with lyrics with a generally religious content, invoking ancestors and spirits. Originally practised by groups and individuals from slavery and the slave trade dating back to at least the 16th century, Gnawa culture is now considered as part of Morocco’s multifaceted culture and identity. The Gnawa, especially in the city, practise a therapeutic possession ritual through all-night rhythm and trance ceremonies combining ancestral African practices, Arab-Muslim influences and native Berber cultural performances. The Gnawa in rural areas organize communal meals offered to marabout saints. Some Gnawa in urban areas use a stringed musical instrument and castanets, while those in rural areas use large drums and castanets. Colourful, embroidered costumes are worn in the city, while white attire with accessories characterize rural practices. The number of fraternal groups and master musicians is constantly growing in Morocco’s villages and major cities, and Gnawa groups – organized into associations – hold local, regional, national and international festivals year-round. This allows young people to learn about both the lyrics and musical instruments as well as practices and rituals related to Gnawa culture generally.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2019.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region