【欧洲·波兰】克拉科夫的耶稣降生场景（肖普卡）传统 Nativity scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow（2018年）

克拉科夫的耶稣诞生场景（szopka）传统源自圣诞节庆祝习俗，以建造婴儿床为中心。这一传统诞生于19世纪，与克拉科夫市有着不可分割的联系，并以世代相传的技能和知识为基础。索普卡是一个轻巧的建筑，以耶稣诞生的场景为特色，周围是克拉科夫的房屋和纪念碑，所有这些都是由独立的制作者改造而成的。其他场景也通过雕像和人工照明来表现，描绘与波兰克拉科夫市和全世界生活有关的历史、文化和当代社会事件。每年12月的第一个星期四，制作者聚集在克拉科夫主广场展示他们的作品，克拉科夫市历史博物馆在12月至2月向公众开放他们的作品，帮助传播与实践相关的知识。从业者包括一个由40名最活跃的搬运工组成的小组，他们每年建造新的婴儿床，并举办研讨会和讲座，以促进实践和传播相关知识。这一传统对所有人开放，包括来自城市社区的观众和游客。这种做法还具有重要的教育功能，传递有关城市历史、当地建筑和习俗的知识。

2018年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Nativity Scene (szopka) tradition in Krakow is a social practice originating from Christmas celebration customs, centred around constructing cribs. Born in the nineteenth century, the tradition is indissolubly connected to the City of Krakow and based on skills and knowledge passed down for generations. The szopka is a lightweight construction featuring the nativity scene surrounded by representations of houses and monuments of Krakow, all transformed by the individual maker. Other scenes are also represented through figurines and artificial lighting, depicting historical, cultural and contemporary social events relating to life in the City of Krakow, Poland and the world. On the first Thursday of every December, makers gather on Krakow Main Square to present their work, and the Historical Museum of the City of Krakow makes their work accessible to the public from December to February, helping to transmit knowledge related to the practice. Practitioners include a group of forty of the most active bearers, who construct new cribs every year and run workshops and lectures to promote the practice and transmit related knowledge. The tradition is open to everyone, encompassing a wide circle of people including spectators and visitors belonging to the urban community. The practice also has significant educational functions, passing on knowledge about the history of the city, its local architecture and customs.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2018.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region