【欧洲·马耳他】加纳，马耳他民歌传统 L-Għana, a Maltese folksong tradition（2021年）

加纳（发音为“ana”）用来描述马耳他三种相关的押韵民歌。加纳最受欢迎的形式是“机智的加纳”，一对或两对歌手之间的即兴决斗，侧重于押韵、令人信服的辩论和机智的回答事实“加纳是一首由独奏者唱的叙事长诗，通常来自记忆，用来记录集体记忆中的重要地方事件。”Bormla’ghana的歌词简单，使用大音域和特定的声乐风格，在几个音符之间连续移动时唱一个音节。第三种风格在历史上是由女性演唱的，但与男性主导的“机智”风格相比，如今的流行度有所下降。加纳会议全年在公共和私人场所以及露天节日和庆祝活动期间举行。通过友好交流，演员和观众之间形成了强烈的同志情谊，因为分享笑话和回忆共同经历的实践培养了一种共享历史、身份和社区的意识。加纳是马耳他文化不可分割的一部分，对于独特的闪族马耳他语言的传播和发展也至关重要，这种语言反映了阿拉伯语、意大利语和英语对该岛的影响。

2021年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Ghana (pronounced ‘ana’) is used to describe three related types of rhymed folksong in Malta. The most popular form of ghana is the ‘quick-wit’ ghana, an improvised duel between one or two pairs of singers, focusing on rhymes, convincing argumentation and witty repartee. ‘Factual’ ghana is a long, narrative poem sung by a soloist, usually from memory, to record important local events in collective memory. ‘Bormla’ ghana has simple lyrics sung using a large vocal range and a particular vocal style where a single syllable is sung while moving between several notes in succession. This third style was historically sung by women but has declined in popularity today compared to the more male-dominated ‘quick-wit’ style. Ghana sessions are held year-round in public and private venues, as well as during open-air festivals and celebrations. A strong camaraderie develops between the performers and the audience through friendly exchanges, as the practice of sharing jokes and recalling common experiences fosters a sense of shared history, identity and community. An integral part of Maltese culture, ghana is also considered vital to the transmission and development of the unique Semitic Maltese language that reflects the Arabic, Italian and English influence on the island.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2021.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region